Tourism as an Ambassador of Promoting International Peace

In essence, there are many definitions of peace. In the context of this paper, peace is defined as insubstantial attribute which is hard to compute or otherwise quantify. Peace is usually defined as the nonexistence of war, random violence and actions of terrorism.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tourism as an Ambassador of Promoting International Peace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this characterization is narrow and, does not put into consideration the major causes of conflict and sustainability of worldwide peace, which is not a sufficient necessity for peace. When defined dynamically, peace calls for existence of justice and fairness in accordance to the rule of law (Richie, 2004, pp.669-675). Sustenance of tourism has become an issue of equivalent significance in both developing and developed countries. This essay is designed for both. However, the sense of balance of concerns may differ between them. The resolve of this paper is to provide administrations with leadership and structure for the growth of strategies that sustains tourism as a toolbox of mechanisms they can use in the implementation of those. Over time, tourism has increasingly become a fundamental part of our lives with the tourism industry being said to be among the fastest growing global industries. A report documented by the International Task Force on Sustainable Tourism Devel ­opment (ITF-STD)-Marrakech (2009) documents that 903 Million tourist travelled in 2007 and the number increased in 2008 as well as 2009 in spite of the economic and financial hiccups that were faced in between that duration. Additionally, the report further estimates that the number may sky-rocket to as high as 1.6 billion people by the year 2020.This is majorly based on the various forms of activities that people engage in tourism thus giving us an ample time for relaxation.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lindsay (2003) additionally states that global tourism generates close to 3 trillion dollars while it importantly contributes to approximately 11% of the global Gross National Product which makes it the largest industry in the world. Even more importantly, tourism has been a great income generating activity for not just individuals but also corporations and even governments (Dabour, 2003, pp.24-30). Recent studies also attest to the immense progress of the tourism industry in spite of the admitted presence of challenges and limitations in the industry. Tourism occurs when people choose to move from one place to another visiting with friends and family purposely for play, business, study, work, service and, pilgrimage (Rodriguez Cruz, 2007, pp.824-826). Tourist destinations range from simple areas like recreation centers, parks, museums to hiking trails and resorts depending on the nature of tourism and the individuals or groups of people involved in it (Byrd Cardenas, 2009; and Sharpley Telfer, 2002, pp.5-10). Whether someone travels short distances or miles alone, with family members, friends, strangers or colleagues; tourism mostly entail meetings and various interactions among various populations with varying age groups, spiritual traditions, ethnic backgrounds, ability, cultural heritages, interests and educational levels (Chavez, 1999). Travelers or tourists can engage in new familiarities, gain information of other cultures, countries or regions learn the importance of loving the environment, developing new friendships and promoting peaceful relationships among people (Butler, 2006, pp.30-35). Those who travel also contribute, through one way or another, to the commercial growth and improvement of the public and region when spending some substantial amount of money to provide a variety of basic needs like as food, clothing and shelter among many other essential s (Solberg Preuss, 2007, pp.213-215; and Darowski et al., 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tourism as an Ambassador of Promoting International Peace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Socioeconomic progress, especially when it helps in poverty alleviation, hugely promotes cultural peace since most people are satisfied. In other words, tourism helps in the creation of a peaceful environment in a myriad of ways. According to Bieger and Wittmer (2006, pp.42-44), the creation of a global society means that tourism businesses have the ability to operate globally and in a peaceful way. The same authors also say that most people in the tourism business have been working together with stakeholders and shareholders from various regions to create policies leading to the eradication of violence, skirmishes and wars while concomitantly promoting sustainability, thus assuring the well-being of all participants locally and globally among the involved communities thus promoting peace in overall (Boberg Cavinato, 1986; and Moss et al., 2003). Learning and giving services towards the creation of peaceful environments are among the major goals of persons engaging in all dimension of the work which generate harmony through tourism, inclusive of those linked with learning institutions which teach the young to serve in the sports, hospitality, tourism, and recreation businesses (Holden, 2000, pp.247-250). Faculties and students who have a stake in commitment to goals and purposes defined here have a distinctive prospect of instilling peaceful values throughout the students’ learning experiences (Koeman, 1985, and Grimble Chan, 1995, pp.113-120). Koeman furthers states that individuals who labor in the tourism trades enjoy the benefits and services of their business endeavors, have congregated over the recent times with stakeholders and shareholders in the tourism (such as governments, learning i nstitutions, other business-oriented industries, community front-runners, religious and spiritual leaders, peace investigators and citizens) to discuss peace-related issues in tourism. Resultantly, this has helped in increasing their understanding of peace in the tourism industry through the objection against violent practices (Gibson Bentley, 2006, pp.63-70; and Hall, 2008, pp.10-20). According to Knowles and Curtis (1999, pp.87-96), these proponents of peace through tourism in the current world have reportedly been increasingly united in seeking to promote a viable peace while reaping the joys and benefits related with mobility and recreation. Below are some of the methods that are normally used by these stakeholders and shareholders to proliferate peace in the tourism industry.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Firstly, this is normally done through honor spiritual customs, reclaiming of sanctified spaces, working together with others so as to foster development, protection and support and establishment of a peaceful tourism environment (McElroy, 2006, pp.61-70). Secondly, there is the recognition and protection of various cultural spaces and customs (Hritz Cecil, 2008). This helps in fostering multiplicity in the tourism industry, inspiring tourists to travel more and working with others for development, preservation, protection, and apt support for cruciaal heritage sites (Koeman, 1985). Thirdly, it is done through decrease poverty by employing people from the local communities as a means of generating income, supporting the growth of local and small-businesses which eventually contribute to profits in the tourism industry as well poverty alleviation of the people thus helping them avoid unnecessary violent endeavors which reduce the promotion of peace (Darowski et al., 2006). Fourthly, the aforementioned parties normally endeavor to eliminate situations that may lead to actions of non-peaceful tourism endeavors such as violence and war while teaching in conflict resolution, and working with community groups as well as governments to restore parts impaired by wars in the tourism industry (Lindsay, 2003). Fifthly, the shareholders and stakeholders usually endeavor in promoting sustainable growth by scheduling growth plans with care for the environment in awareness, preserving rare animal and plant species while supporting impartial environmental ideologies and practices which help in facilitating peaceful coexistence in the industry. Seventhly and lastly, the involved parties tend to strive in educating people about delicate ecosystems by encouraging ecotourism while promoting a peaceful environment by involving the native people in decision-making processes. Through such endeavors, ignorance is greatly dealt with while less resistance and wars are faced from the n atives (UNWTO, 2011, pp.2-5). Throughout the universe, people who work in almost all aspects of tourism and hospitality businesses are help in shaping the attitudes, values, and beliefs and ideals of a peaceful tourism environment(Dabour, 2003, pp.24-30). Darbour further asserts that such people tend to endeavor in identifying solutions to dire social, political economic and environmental challenges in the world while striving to meet with other like-minded people to increase their knowledge about peace as a crucial aspect of the tourism industry. These activities are only a few of the many endeavors that people currently engage in both at local and international levels so as to encourage the continuous growth of a peaceful tourism environment (Kim, 2010, p.1). This viewpoint of peace also, according to Richie (2004, pp.670-675), somewhat refers to the state in which a human being is considered to be at peace with himself. Richie says that it additionally covers the concept of law a nd order. Richie further asserts that this conception of peace does not however exclude the aspect of violence since soldiers can have peace with themselves even in battlefields (pp.675-7680). Moreover, there is the concept of peace in the tourism being the absence of some form of collective violence. To this regard, major emphasis is made on the violence amongst human groups, individuals and nations as well as racial and ethnic groups. This type of peace shall be referred to as negative peace (Leslie, 2007; Leslie, 2005). In arguing regarding collective violence; most authors seem to use this word in such a way that it does not cover infrequent homicide like un-patterned individual violence. According to Dobson (1998, pp.129-135), it is the change from this kind of violence to the violent behavior across human frontiers that it becomes group violence which deviates from the essence of peace. It can thus be said that through organized violence, peace is believed not to exclude aspe cts such as violent behaviors (Middleton Lickerish, 2007, pp.50-55). Another concept of peace that is not sufficiently defined is peace considered as a synonym for good practices in the world especially in the cooperation and integration amongst people (Page Connell, 2009, pp.30-35). Again, emphasis is usually made on the absence of violence. This type of peace shall be referred to as positive peace. Positive violence is apparently a widespread concept particularly in underprivileged groups. Based on this viewpoint, the first and the second concepts would be easily and readily accepted in over privileged groups (Fairhurst et al., 2006, pp.315-320). According to Lim and Patterson (2008, pp.117-120), such groups are normally more interested in the existence of law, stability and order since acts of violence (through the lack of a peaceful environment) would have a direct impact on them. A peaceful tourism environment, which is facilitated through is not- worthily rapidly relevance in the current business-oriented world with many policy-makers and organizations increasingly voicing their concerns towards the establishment of a peaceful tourism environment. The UN World Tourism Organization, UN’s branch that specifically deals with international tourism endeavors, is among such entities and, over the recent times, this branch of UN has been able to do a lot in the creation of a peaceful tourism environment especially in war-prone countries (UNWTO, 2011, p.1). The ideology that tourism promotes local and international promotes peace has been extensively deliberated among scholars (Chavez, 1999). Chavez further states that, although there is inadequate research showing the specific circumstances in which tourism can foster peace, there is a prevalent conviction that it pays to this far. For example, travellers contribute to promotion of peacetime through tourism when they possess the compassionate attitude which considers the ‘other’ as a chance for emotional development, and meeting with the ‘other’ dealt with in a peaceful way (McElroy, 2006, pp.65-70). According to Mehmetoglu (2004, pp.70-75), many scholars and macro-economists tend to support tourism as a influential force with the potential to reduce suspicion and tension in the tourism industry by having a positive impact in state politics, international relationships, regional businesses and world harmony. In fact, a good number of these scholars have been able to propagate ideas that can help in fostering and developing peaceful relations between separate countries so as to help advancing the tourism industry. However, empirical tests have not all the time supported peace through leisure industry thesis and some researchers have claimed that tourism can sometimes limit peace locally and internationally based on the many bureaucracies entailed in the industry (Chavez, 1999). Whereas good relationships are often established in the tourism industry throug h engagement in various peaceful tourist activities; instances of bad blood amongst tourists with administrators or the locals have been reported in many countries and regions (Boberg Cavinato, 1986, pp.12-15). An example of such is the conflicts that often occur due to differences in religious and social beliefs amongst groups such as Christians and Muslims. It is also hard to make the instance that tourism could avert conflict. The kind of theory used is one of a close analysis of contemporary social endeavors as the existence of justice. This mainly reveals the development of the following four major themes: attention to good relationships with one’s personality and with other people as well; care for the communal benefits; safeguarding of global safety; and engagement in positive endeavors which promote, preserve, protect, and withstand a culture of goodwill; and finally, respect for human constitutional rights in regard to peaceful touristic endeavors. In order to make the industry of tourism more sustainable and simply not about managing and controlling the adverse impacts of the industry; it must be understood that tourism is a crucial industry where local communities benefit, socially and economically, and this helps raise awareness as well as support the environment conservation (Wall, 1997, pp.483-485). Moreover, in the tourism sector, economic progress and safety of the environmental should not be perceived as opposing forces. Instead, they should be followed progressively as aspirations that are mutually reinforcing actions and policies, which aim to strengthen benefits and help to reduce the costs in tourism sector (Toh et al., 2001, 426-432; and Swarbrooke, 1999, pp.30-40). Furthermore, massive growth can be predicted in the tourism industry by the year 2020, provision of excellent chances for spreading affluence but present a lot of challenges and impending pressures to the local communities and the environment if mismanaged (Stuart Nic oletta, 2006, pp.155-160). Climate change is acknowledged as a chiefly global issue with important repercussions for tourism (Selby, 2004, pp.67-69). There is also an amassed admiration of the role of tourism when addressing world poverty since it reportedly fetches revenue to the poorest communities (Solberg Preuss, 2007, p.213; Faulker, 2001, pp.135-140; and Fennell Dowling, 2003, pp.33-40). Sustenance of tourism has become an issue of equivalent significance in both developing and developed countries. Below are some strategies that can be used in tourism sustainability. Tourism and sustainability: This expresses the meaning of sustainability to tourism and why administrations require addressing it. This presents some key ideologies and programs for further sustainable tourism. Policy inferences of a workable tourism plan: The twelve goals for additional practicable tourism issue as which are conversed in turn and strategy parts relevant to each of them identified. Structures an d policies for more workable tourism: It mainly entails the strategic creation of good governmental structures which can then be used in facilitating sustainable tourism practices needed to enhance progress. In doing so, careful consideration should be taken on the association between both international and local structures. Influencing sustainable tourism: It majorly looks at the procedure of mounting tourism strategy that cherishes sustainability and recognizes some of the tactical choices which are eminently required. Instruments for further sustainability of the tourism industry: An expansive explanation is given as a set of tools and how they can be relevantly used by governments. These include the usage of sustainable indicators, proper infrastructural provisions and planning, establishing proper regulations and legislations among others. In recapitulation, both tourism and sustainable development are key subjects in today’s business-oriented world (Pradeep Hu, 2009, p p.561-565). Gathering data on how to guide this document has been a result of looking at widespread practices by regimes everywhere in the world, in the advancement of strategies and application of mechanisms (Paraskevas Arendell, 2007, pp.1560-1573). Tourism is defined largely as travel-for-leisure which is supported by a multi-layered global service industry (Park Boo, 2010, pp.95-100). In conclusion, tourism has undoubtedly been an extremely multifaceted phenomenon where personalities and worldviews can be constantly represented, reconfirmed, consumed, modified and negotiated. It is important to acknowledge the positive impact of tourism as leading global industry. However, for purposes of facilitating progress, it is imperative to maintain a realistic and non- glorifying attitude of its economic, socio-cultural, political and environmental, impacts (Chavez, 1999). Scholars and other concerned parties have to ensure that the tourism stakeholders and shareholders are aware of th e difference between the grandiloquence power of currently prevalent discourses (for example, peace-through-tourism, eco-tourism, and sustainable tourism among realities on the ground). This research is clear indicator that, in the tourism industry, there is a lot of tension. These internal battles come on national, local, and global levels and, distinctively from culture; they also relate to race, social class, ethnicity, and gender (Page Connell, 2009, pp.25-30). It is contradictory for an industry with conflict to claim to be privileged to foster a peaceful global tourism environment. While not opposing the possibilities tourism has, it is therefore ethically advisable to address the many problems hindering peace the industry while striving to advance its strengths. List of References Bieger, T. and Wittmer, A. 2006, ‘Air transport and tourism – Perspectives and challenges for destinations, airlines and governments’, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol. 1 2, pp. 40-46. Boberg, K. B. and Cavinato, J. L. 1986, ‘Business travel management: evolution under airline deregulation’, Transportation Journal, vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 12-20. Butler, R. 2006, The tourism area life cycle, Chanel view, London, UK. Byrd, E. T., Cardenas, D. A 2009, ‘Elements of stakeholders support for tourism in rural communities the case of Eastern Carolina’. Web. Chavez, R. 1999, ‘Globalization and tourism: Deadly mix for indigenous peoples’ Web. Dabour, N. 2003, ‘Problems and prospects of sustainable tourism development in the OIC countries: ecotourism’, Journal of Economic Cooperation, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 24-62. Darowski, L., Strilchuk, J., Sororchuk, J., Provost, C. 2006, ‘Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment’, Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal, vol. 1 no. 2. Dobson, A. 1998, ‘The USA, hegemony and airline and market access to Britain and Western Europe’, D iplomacy and Statecraft, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 129-159. Fairhurst, A., Costello, C. and Holmes, A. F 2007, ‘An examination of shopping behaviour of visitors to Tennessee according to tourist typologies’, Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 13 no. 4. pp. 311-320. Faulker, B. 2001, ‘Towards a framework for tourism disaster management’, Tourism Management, vol. 22, pp. 135-147. Fennell, D. A., Dowling, R. K. 2003, Ecotourism policy and planning, CABI: Wallingford. Grimble, R., Chan, M. K. 1995, ‘Stakeholder analysis for natural resource management in developing countries’, Natural Resources Forum, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 113–124. Gibson, P. and Bentley, M. 2006, ‘A Study of Impacts – Cruise Tourism and the South West of England’, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, vol. 20 no. 3/4, pp. 63-77. Hall, G. M. 2008, Tourism Planning: policies, processes and relationships, Prentice Hall, London. Hritz, N. and Cecil, A. K. 2008, â₠¬ËœInvestigating the sustainability of cruise tourism: a case study of Key West’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 168-181. Holden, A. 2000, ‘Winter tourism and the environment in conflict: the case of Cairngorm, Scotland’, Journal of Sports Tourism, vol. 6 no. 2, pp. 247 – 260. Kim, T. Y. 2010, ‘Establishment of a tourism network in the Korea-Japan strait’. Web. Koeman, A. 1995, ‘Sustainable tourism and Ecotourism’. Web. Knowles, T. and Curtis, S. 1999, ‘The market viability of European mass tourist destinations. A post-stagnation life-cycle analysis’. International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 87-96. Leslie, D. 2007, Tourism enterprises and sustainable development: international perspectives on response to the sustainability agenda: Advances in tourism research. Routledge, New York. Leslie, D. and Sigala, M. 2005, Cultural tourism attractions and environmental performance. Butter worth-Heinemann, Oxford. Lim, C. C. and Patterson, I. 2008, ‘Sport tourism on the islands: The Impact of an international mega golf event’, Journal of Sport Tourism, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 115-133. Lindsay, H. E. 2003, ‘Ecotourism: the promise and perils of environmentally-oriented travel’. Web. McElroy, J. L. 2006, ‘Small island tourist economies across the life cycle’. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 61-77. Mehmetoglu, M. 2004, ‘A typology of tourists from a different angle’. International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 69-90. Middleton, V. T. C. Lickerish, L. J. 2007, British Tourism: The remarkable story of growth. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Moss, S. E., Ryan, C. and Wagoner, C. B. 2003, ‘An empirical test of Butler’s resort product life cycle: forecasting casino winnings’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 393-399 Page, S. J. and Connell, J. 2009, Tourism: A modern synthesis, Cengage Learning EMEA, Hampshire. Park, E. and Boo, S. 2010, ‘An assessment of convention tourism’s potential contribution to environmentally sustainable growth’. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 18 no. 1, pp. 95-113. Paraskevas, A. and Arendell, B. 2007, ‘A Strategic framework for terrorism prevention and mitigation in tourism destinations’, Tourism Management, vol. 28 no. 6, pp. 1560-1573. Pradeep, R. And Hu, C. 2009, ‘A framework for knowledge-based crisis management in the hospitality and tourism industry’, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, vol. 50 no. 4, pp. 561-577. Richie, B. W. 2004, ‘Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry’, Tourism Management, vol. 25, pp. 669-683. Rodriguez, F. J. G. and Cruz, Y. M. A. 2007, ‘Relation between social-environmental responsibility and performance in hotel firms’, International Journal o f Hospitality Management, vol. 26, pp. 824 – 839. Selby, M. 2004, Understanding urban tourism: image, culture and experience. Tauris, New York. Sharpley, R., Telfer, D. J. 2002, Tourism and development: concepts and issues, Channel View Publications, Bristol. Solberg, H. A. and Preuss, H. 2007, ‘Major Sport Events and Long-Term Tourism Impacts’, Journal of Sport Management, vol. 21 no. 2, pp. 213-234. Stuart, P. C., Nicoletta, C. 2006, ‘Sustainable tourism development strategy in WWF pan parks: CASE OF a Swedish and Romanian national park’, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 6 no. 2, p. 150-167. Swarbrooke, J. 1999, Sustainable tourism management, CABI: Wallingford. UNWTO, 2011, ‘UNWTO tourism highlights 2011 edition’ Web. Toh, R. S., Khan, H. and Koh, A. 2001, ‘A Travel balance approach for examining tourism area life cycles: the case of Singapore’. Journal of Travel Research, vol. 39 no. 4, 426-432 Wal l, G. 1997, ‘Is ecotourism sustainable?’, Environmental management, vol. 21, p. 483-491. This report on Tourism as an Ambassador of Promoting International Peace was written and submitted by user Kayden Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Glover Chanise SE4

Essay on Glover Chanise SE4 Essay on Glover Chanise SE4 Chanise Glover June 5, 2012 Short Essay 4 Theology 202 Eschatology I met a lot of interesting people here at Liberty. One of whom is Steve. And last week Steve read a book by Clark Pinnock . I can’t remember the name of the book partly because I was hardly paying attention to Steve when he was talking but I do remember how much a quote from the book was bothering him. When he told me the quote I have to admit it went right over my head but it seemed like it was really bothering him. So when he asked me to explain as best as I could what it all meant†¦ When looking in the bible in reference to eternal punishment it is clear that sin will be punished at some point in all of our lives. There is really no clearer way to say it. Daniel 12:2 says, â€Å"Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake: some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt.† If people would be able to come to the understanding that through Christ they stand a better chance a living forever in him they will begin to seek salvation. (Elwell, 2001) If a person chooses not to accept Christ as their personal Savior and begin to live in him; their life will simply end. From the perspective of annihilationism, these people believe that those who hold that some not all human souls will cease to exist after death. (Elwell, 2001)This point of view has the potential to go three ways: the first being that after death all humans cease to exist anyway, next while all human’s are naturally mortal God imparts to those who are saved b y his Grace a gift of immortality and allows those who do not accept his gift to waste away on Earth, the final form is that humans being created immortal fulfills its destiny in salvation while others fail on their own. Universalism is the doctrine that assumes all men will eventually be reconciled to Christ. (Elwell, 2001) A person from this perspective believes that the â€Å"efficiency of atonement is unlimited and therefore extends to all people. 1st John 2:2 says, â€Å"He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not only for ours but also for the sins of the whole world.† God’s character is incompatible with the idea of eternal suffering for anyone therefore his grace and mercy extends to everyone eventually. (Elwell, 2001) When looking at the three terms Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna, we see three very similar perspectives of Hell. Sheol takes place at an intermediate level. Depending how you lived your life on Earth that was how your soul was dealt with. One of the Hebrew translations of Sheol in the King James Version is â€Å"Hell†. In the Old Testament Sheol is described six ways. (Elwell, 2001) One way in particular is that it’s a â€Å"place where the wicked go upon death. In Psalms 55:15 David prays that his enemies goes there alive. (Elwell, 2001) I think when we look at the â€Å"traditional† concept of Hell, Hades comes close to that ideal. Hades has no doctrine of

10 Exercises to Become a Better Writer

10 Exercises to Become a Better Writer 10 Exercises to Become a Better Writer It’s true that practice makes perfect, so if you want to polish your writing abilities and become a better writer, the best thing to do is - you guessed it - practice! From creating your setting to beating writer’s block, we share ten exercises that can help you sharpen your skill set. Some of these come from different Reedsy Learning courses, so be sure to sign up to get even more advice, all by trade professionals, in your inbox each morning.Exercise 1: Change the Scenery - With Writing PromptsThere are very few things as frustrating as a bad case of writer’s block. But don’t despair! Instead of getting frustrated with it, try a change of scenery. Not literally (although that might also help) - do it with your writing.Activity: If your own story isn’t getting the creative juices flowing, using writing prompts  can help you break through the slump. This can help you change your mindset and any expectations your might have from what you are cu rrently writing. Have some fun with it! Here are a couple of examples to get you started:An accident during an experiment freezes you in time in public, completely invulnerable. Millennia later, you come out of stasis to find entire cultures centered upon your statuesque presence throughout their history. via /r/writingpromptsOn your path you meet two guards, one who always answers in sarcasm and one who answers a question with a question. via /r/writingpromptsGoal: Use writing prompts and short story ideas to get your creative juices flowing with a change of scenery that can help you clear out the block. "Use writing prompts for a change of scenery" and 9 other exercises that can help you become a better writer Exercise 2: Create character profilesCreating multifaceted and complex characters is something that takes time and effort, and it only gets trickier the more characters your story has. For readers to connect with your characters, you, the author, need to understand who they are and what motivates them. Easier said than done, but this exercise might help.Activity: Create character profiles for as many characters as you need. This can help you see the differences between them and give you a unique perspective on each of them. Going beyond their basic information and physical appearance can give you a greater understanding of what drives them and can help you capture their voice and point of view in an authentic way.Goal: Give characters their own unique voice, goals, wants, and needs. Exercise: Use character profiles to give your characters their own unique voice Exercise 3: Read out loudOne of the occupational hazards of being a writer is writer’s block. We can all agree that it’s difficult to get any ideas on paper when nothing seems to want to come out. But don’t fear: there are many ways to overcome it. Bec Evans and Chris Smith from Prolifiko show a tried-and-tested method to push through that wall in their writing routine course.Activity: As the name suggest, this exercise consists of letting yourself write freely - there are no rules! Put aside 15 minutes of your day and let the ideas flow. Write whatever is in your head. Don’t edit. Don’t consider your words. Don’t wait for that one beautiful sentence to appear. And, above all, don’t let your inner critic show its ugly face. Just write!Goal: What you write may not be pretty and it may not make much sense, but it will exercise your creative muscle and get your ideas out of your head and onto the page. "Freewriting - a tried-and-tested method against writer's block" and 9 other exercises Need more exercises to get your writing going? Check out this directory with over 100 exercises that cover topics from character development to writer’s block.As English author PD James once said: â€Å"Don’t just plan to write – write. It is only by writing, not dreaming about it that we develop our own style.† Developing your writing skills doesn’t happen overnight, but exercising your writing muscle is the one tried and true way to become a better writer and reach your writing goals.What are some of your favorite exercises to become a better writer? Add yours in the comments below!

Labour Law in Canada Final EXAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labour Law in Canada Final EXAM - Assignment Example Closed shops: The position or status of closed shops varies in the provinces of Canada. A closed shop can be a type of union safety contract where the employer confirms to hire union associates simply, and employees ought to stay associates of the union continually. Union security measures, as well as specially the closed along with union shop, allow unions higher bargaining strength than they'd have experienced under an openshop set up. Statutory Freeze: Labour statutes within every single province as well as in the federal legal system offer a freeze in a couple of specific circumstances: in negotiating for any renewed collective settlement and in bargaining to get a very first collective contract. From the very first agreement scenario, many statutes give 2 distinct freezes, the one that starts once the union applies pertaining to certification, then one that takes place as soon as the union is licensed. In negotiating for a restoration contract, usually the older collective agree ment may expire prior to the latest agreement is agreed upon. Positive Obligation of the state: Positive obligations grant states not to avoid particular steps, but to take action. Similarly with the individuals experiencing human rights requirements, states ought to stop third parties from messing up the standard of living. The labor law will be important in implementing the action plans from government that brings prosperity in society. Part B short Answers: Answer 1. Explain the Legal status of Unions†¦ The status of Unions has been changing during the period of 1920 and 1960s. Both countries almost had similar workplaces for the workers. During that period there was a rise in the popularity of memberships for labor unions. However, after 1965 in USA there was a marginal decline in the popularity of labor unions but in Canada this concept was on a steady way. The reason behind this fluctuation was the impact of globalization. In Canada there has been a tough competition rega rding the manufacturing industry. It was made very easy to join unions simply by signing a special card. This process is also called card check. There are four points under this: the legal status of unions in Canada has encouraged the democratic culture practices, they have made the employment and social objectives wide spread for their members. While reviewing the Canadian labor law Federal Force stated that the trade union of Canada has a high level of internal democracy and they truly have feeling and show keen interest for their members. Then the next point is that, unlike American and British unions Canadian unions do not have any stain like corruption and uncontrollable militancy. However, there were quite a few incidents of corruption but, they were not the main part of labor union, many of them were expelled to make sure that the true leadership is widespread. Thirdly, the political continuation has never been there; in other words, the demand for prolonged union affairs int ernally had positive aspects for the effectiveness of organizations. Those who wanted â€Å"union democracy† never acquired that influence they had in America and Britain. Then the last thing, self-government has a deep influence on Canadian legislator and courts, the way the British common law concept of union was. The membership concept was taken completely personal and contractual, and this is why they do not view it internally the union matters. Membership had been there without a political or group pressure.

Prisoner Torture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prisoner Torture - Research Paper Example In spite of the severe implications that the technique has on the criminals or the suspected offenders, torture is legally accepted in many countries as a way of extracting confession and preventing crime (Paust, 2005, p821). Regardless of the level of the crime that a person has committed, it is unacceptable to use torture methods as a way of obtaining confession from the captive because it is a violation of human rights in addition to being ineffective and against religious beliefs. Any form of torture is a violation of human rights. According to Alfred (2006, p 62), prisoners retain their human rights and the basic freedoms with exception of the conditions presented by the environment within the areas of incarceration. However, the conditions of the incarceration should not exacerbate the suffering that is inherent in the prison. Torture is one of the most common methods that violate the fundamental human rights of the prisoners. However, the international law provides protection to all prisoners against any form of torture by prohibiting the practice. According to Alfred (2006, p69), the prohibition is an issue of jus cogens, an authoritative standard of the international law custom that bids all countries in the world. ... This is totally unacceptable because unlike other forms of human suffering, authorized persons carry out torture deliberately. In this respect, the most important aspect of torture is not only the pain, but also the fact that it is intentionally inflicted on a person to achieve a particular objective including obtaining confession from a person. Other forms of torture include deprivation of basic needs such as sleep, food and other necessities, which result to a lot of pain or suffering to the deprived person (Basoglu, 2009, p137). Although the immediate effect of torture is physical and mental suffering, Basoglu (2009, p 143) noted that another immediate impact and objective of the practice is to break the spirit or resoluteness of a prisoner. Torture is structured to demolish the identity of a strong person, making him or her conform to the ideologies of particular leader in authority. Autocratic and intolerant regimes in different countries apply torture to silence opposition, uni on, ethnic and leaders of the minority groups into submission. This treatment is violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which articulates the basic rights of people in 30 articles. Torture violates human rights because it lowers the dignity of the prisoner and it threatens his right to life, freedom and security by inflicting mental and physical pain. Moreover, the universal declaration of human rights prohibits any form of cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment (Parry, 2003, p241). One of the most repugnant characteristics of torture is that it erodes the dignity of one person by another (Lawrence and Travis, 2004). Torture, is a form of asserting authority and control by inflicting

Exploitation Among Migrant Labour

Exploitation Among Migrant Labour CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity. -1944 The Declaration of Philadelphia, ILO[1] Am I been exploited, are a teacher been exploited, are a doctor been exploited, or else an insurance sales man been exploited? It seems to be the question of the day. In todays world there are so many things occurring around and in front of us, thereby the word exploitation is been a crucial topic to be looked into depth. Thus, the initial explanation that tends to be exposed in this project paper is that exploitation is a crucial thing that is going through even after the onset of the Modern world system. The term exploitation in this paper will generally draw on the exploitation among migrant labour that answers the question above. They are really been exploited in the world system that is constantly under the umbrella of capitalism. The big trouble of the world today is that market forces are overwhelming the state institutions and this happens when the governments in the rich countries are being forced to scrap their welfare state services. Meanwhile in the poor countries forces to abandon populist measures introduced to uphold national independence and protect the poors. In illustrating this paper, the well-known world system theory will be a theoretical framework basically in explaining the exploitation among migrant labour.The opening of the 21st century has witnessed continuing controversies over how nation states should react to potential migrant flows and the seeming inability of migrants to integrate into the receiving state. Whether migrants always benefit the population that is expected to receive them is quite another matter, however. The only clear beneficiary of migration is the migrant. Whether their movement benefits the people in the country of destination all depends on circumstances. That is why borders cannot be fully opened, just as in peacetime they cannot be fully closed. [2] Indeed, the investment in developing countries made by developed countries takes full use of the cheap labour. Meanwhile the migrant labours productivity is very comparable to local low waged workers. Simultaneously, open border is urged as a parallel to free trade, as though people were goods. But goods do not go where they are unwanted, goods have no rights or feelings, goods do not reproduce or vote, goods can be sent back or scrapped when no longer needed. Immigration concerns people, not objects, and consequently political and social importance is potentially much greater than any economic effect it may have. All areas of human activity have safeguards and regulations because markets are imperfect. It would be a very harsh world without them. Absolutely free movement of people is no more possible then the absolute free trade. Trade is never free, and free trade always depends on negotiated conditions. It seems that the border is symbolising a free trade, but the sad thing is that international system and international law itself is against international labour mobility especially as in the case of the free movement of migrant labour in question. Subsequently, the national borders are precisely what are hurled faced by migrants in Europe and beyond. Ranging from temporary seasonal workers who are exploited in the fields of Andalusia in Spain; to legal migrants who live and work every day in Eurospace; undocumented migrants working in irregular jobs in Italy or the UK, in factories or in the home, as many women do; tolerated refugees living in an isolated junglecamp in Northern-Germany; migrants detained in a camp in Greece or Poland, or even in front of the externalized EU-borders in Morocco or Ukraine. They all are crossing and forcing the boundaries living inside and struggling against the same monster which is the border control. Even as a strong regional economic power, due to its extensive reserves of oil and gas, Kazakhstan have been identified by numerous cases of violations of the rights of migrant workers, especially those working in the agriculture and construction industries. Migrants without regular status and wit hout contracts are particularly vulnerable to exploitation: long working hours, lack of rest days, confiscation of passports, non-payment of salaries and sale of migrant workers from one employer to another. In both Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, corruption within the police, customs, and border officials places migrants at constant risk of extortion and deportation. Such violations are generally committed with complete immunity.[3] Consciously, todays migrants labour, men and women alike, face various challenges including poor conditions of work and harsh working environments, racism, sexism and labour market discrimination. In addition, women and men migrants frequently sacrifice decent living conditions, health care, nutrition and education. Women migrant workers concentration in private homes and other unregulated venues rather than public workplaces can represent more vulnerability in terms of discrimination on gender, racial, ethnic, occupational and nationality grounds. They certainly could find themselves victims of exploitation, hazardous work conditions and psychological, physical and sexual abuse. In occupations such as domestic work, women migrant workers often find themselves excluded from the right to family reunification. Large numbers of them can also often find themselves excluded from legal employment when arriving as spouses of temporary workers. It is widely recognized that the most painful s ocial cost of migration is the separation of children from their parents, especially when it is the mother that has migrated. Simultaneously, all over the world capitalist exploitation is unimaginable without the global differences, constructed through filters and zones, the hierarchies and inequality, and through the external as well as the internal borders. Illegalisation and deportations on one hand, selective inclusion and recruitment of migrant workforce on the other hand, are two sides of the same coin: migration management for a global apartheid regime, whose most precarious conditions of exploitation are based on the production of hierarchies in terms of rights and on racist discrimination. Low wage countries in the south are used to undercut wages through relocation of production, low wage sectors in the north are targeting young migrant workers: trying to keep them obedient by blackmailing them, as their right of residence is linked to their jobs. It surely makes sense that migrant labour is forced to live in precarious hell, and they still struggles and finds a no way out to improve conditions tr aditionally, or even voice demands for visibility, rights and citizenship. Historically, in the last twenty years, World System theory has become one of the common structures used by historians and also the social scientists to account for the political economy of complex societies. The world system theory thus emphasizes the role of long distance exchange dominated by highly centralized core areas as the main factor explaining both the organization of less complex neighbouring, institutions, and routes of developmental change. The classic and defining example of a world system is the extension of European colonial control over Africa and the Americas from the sixteenth century to the present. But now, the system is well known as capitalist world system under which capitalism acting as a dominator in the class system divided by core and periphery in which situation that the core dominates the periphery. [4] Ideas of Adam Smith, Ricardo, Karl Marx have significantly contribute to the development of the world system theory. Marxism does influence popular scholar like Immanuel Wallerstein who has analysis the modern world system that comprises core, periphery and also the semi-periphery.Wallerstein have stated that the relations between the three stages (core, periphery, semi-periphery) are interconnected with each other and there is an unequal dependencies among the three stage.[5] Thus, the unequal or unbalanced dependencies introduces another significance of stimuli in migrant labour as will be shown in the Malaysian case.. So, following from the historical development, the concept of nationality emerged to link citizens formally to the state. Simultaneously, the presences of international migration come to be defined as the movement of persons that is non-nationals or foreigner, across national borders for purposes other than travel or short-term residence. [6] Significantly, globalization that drives as a force to modern world system has become more crucial since 1990s mainly after the collapse of Soviet Union. In a matter of fact, the trend of globalization has significantly widened the scope of free market economy albeit movement of capital and this has sufficiently created the income gap between developed countries and developing countries. Marauding capitalism in other words is farther reshaping as the free market system which are been dominated by the core or developed countries. Thus, with the wide economic disparity, labour market imbalances between the countries and the undeveloped labour migration regimes have all inevitably contributed to cross-border labour movement, especially immigrant labour.[7] Significantly, it is obvious that there is an unbalanced development going on mainly because of the surplus of production that is unevenly dispersed. It can be stressed and pointed out that the migrant labour that has been a subject of exploitation since the emergence of capitalism and more critically known as world capitalist system. In capitalism, workers sell labour, so labour is a commodity as well that is bought and sold and has exchange value. It is exactly proven that all profit that gain by capitalism comes from the labours. Meanwhile, the flow and movement of workers to other countries are according to the labour market that is being caught under the power of capitalism. In this matter, migrant labour is the main momentum to the capitalist mainly to increase their capacity. Migrant labour which are largely from Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and Philippines move to other countries due to the flow of the labour market system.[8] Many migrant labour enter illegally or on various short-term pretexts seeking to stay and improve their position by any available means. And even the economic benefits of labour migration, once uncritically acclaimed, are less clear than they were and may well in some cases be negative when all costs are considered. Too easy an access to migrant labour can create distortion and dependency in an economy. Any large modern society which finds that it in some way needs constant flows of immigrants, over a long time, is suffering from this labour problem with its society or labour market or economy which it ought to rectify by reforming itself, not depending on the rest of the world. (Borjas 1996, Wardensjo 1999) In no other area of public policy are we urged to believe without doubting whatever business has revealed about its supposed labour needs, and to give it all it wants. Business interests however are short-term. Easy immediate access to labour will always be preferred to the costs of training and capital investment for the longer term. According to fundamental economic theory, uncontrolled migration is always beneficial because labour is then enabled to flow from countries with abundant cheap labour and little capital to high wage areas where labour is scarce but capital abundant. Obviously, free migration is expected to equalise the ratio of capital to labour everywhere, until equilibrium is reached where wages have equalised and capital efficiency is maximised. Net migration then comes to an end. However these simple assumptions are seldom satisfied. Poor counties with population to spare greatly outweigh destination countries. Compared with the latter, their populations are effectively infinitely large. The equalization of wages expected from this process means lower wages in the receiving countries. Fundamental political theory and practice tells us the wage reductions so welcome to economists and employers are distinctly unattractive to employees and electorates. Most migrants do not bring capital with them, in addition many move forreasons little connected with the labour market. So instead, the supporters of migration now spend much effort assuring us that the theoretically desirable macro-economic deflationary consequences of migration cannot actually arise, but that all can benefit from higher incomes. The latter argument is looking increasingly messy as evidence mounts that the effect is divisive. Previous immigrants, and the poorer sections of society,suffer adverse consequences while the middle class may enjoy cheaper services from migrant labour.[9] In a matter of fact, the segmented labour market provides another escape route that some jobs will not be done by locals and must be done by immigrants. However one of the reasons why locals will find some jobs unattractive is because it is mostly immigrants who perform them. If employers can pay immigrant, not in local wages, they thereby become dependent on perpetual immigrant labour, in some cases illegal. The concept of segmented labour markets finds little realistic support on a large scale. Where such segmented markets do exist they tend to be a function of excessively low wages, insufficient capitalisation of the function in question or excessive levels of employment protection in the regular economy running hand in hand with illegal migrant for employment. The suggestion that some unattractive jobs must in future be done by foreigners implies the weed of a permanent ethnically distinct underclass.[10] More strategically, migration changes economies and creates dependence on further migration. It allows obsolete low-wage, low-productivity enterprises to continue in poor conditions, which otherwise would have to raise the wages of their workers, introduce more capital intensive processes or export the function to the countries where it could be performed more cheaply for everyones benefit. International migration refers to the push and pull movements of populations across national frontiers that are the circulation patterns of persons in which who emigrate (exit) and immigrate (enter). Simultaneously, one of the most striking changes in the character of international labour migration in Southeast Asia especially in Malaysia during the second half of the twentieth century has been the great increase in the scale, complexity, and significance of Indonesian labour migration. Malaysia had selectively practised open borders even after gaining Independence in 1957, and irregular migration revealed itself as a problem only in the early eighties when the economy began to slow down. In the first half of the twentieth century, there are plenty of migrant labours that comprised a large number and were welcomed both as settlers and temporary indentured workers. Thus, it has been stated that the foreign workers come from twelve countries in the region that is from the ASEAN countries and neighbouring countries supplying a much needed workforce in Malaysias agricultural, construction, manufacturing and services sectors.[11] Of the 1,8 million persons registered in the statistics by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the largest number of migrants come from Indonesia (1,2 million) and works mainly in the plantation sector (381,582 of them) followed by Nepali (192,332 persons registered) mostly represented in the manufacturing industry (159,990). According to the figures, Indian workers (134946) are legally employed in the same sector (34685) but also in the services (61,273) and in the plantations (27,759). Other sending countries include Burma (88,573), Vietnam (81,194), Bangladesh (55,389), Philippines (21,694), Pakistan (13,296), Cambodia (5,832),Thailand (5,753), Sri Lanka (3,050) and China (1,295).[12] Based on official figures, the foreign working force seems to be constantly growing. However, no consistent national immigration policy has been decided by the authorities. There is a total absence of direction between the various national Ministries involved in the management of migrant workers. The absence of a written immigration policy or immigration quotas also reflects the ad hoc approach of the government; the policy in this field seems mainly reactive. Various members of civil society confirmed that the sustainability of the Malaysian economy is deeply related to this illegal immigration. Malaysia, as with many countries of immigration, relies on foreign workers for the 3D jobs (Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult), often avoidedrejected by the Malaysian nationals. From the late 1950s to the 1960s, undocumented migrants, predominantly from Indonesia, were silently welcomed as they belonged to the same racial stock and could be easily assimilated and integrated into the Malay community. This political motivation was later followed by economic necessities. In the 1970s, rapid development under the New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed for the absorption of a new wave of migrants, and by 1984, there was an estimated half a million migrant population in the country, all of whom were undocumented. The unofficial estimates were much higher at around one million.[13] Their movement to Malaysia was also unrestricted. Since the 1980s, economic, social, and demographic changes in the region, consistent with accelerated globalisation, have deeply affected Indonesian labour migration to Malaysia. The destinations of Indonesian labour migrants currently overlap national boundaries to a far greater extent than before, and many more Indonesians have acquired the ability to move as free workers. Despite the legal and administrative channels to employment in Malaysia, irregular migrants take high risks to be in irregular status for a variety of reasons. Unlike the employment of highly-skilled labour, legal recruitment of low-skilled labour involves several intermediaries in the sending and receiving countries to process their movement, raising their transactions costs of migration. In contrast, illegal employment is less time-consuming and uncooperative, and cheaper for both employers and migrants. In another view, it is obviously can be stated that the most migrant labour came to Malaysia as a legal workers, but after some time, the workers will be cheated by their agents or their employers, and finally the legal or documented workers will be become illegal. Besides that, policies also tie foreign workers in legal status to a particular employer and location. Hence, foreign workers who prefer greater freedom and flexibility, and seek more opportunities to earn higher income resort to irregular migration. On the supply side, there is a ready secondary job market for irregular migrants. Despite severe sanctions against employers hiring irregular migrants, they continue to hire irregular migrants since they are cheaper and can be hired for shorter periods than warranted by the work permit. In addition, employers caught hiring irregular migrants are rarely punished, giving the impression that they are immune to the tough laws. Irregular migrants are likely to work in the informal sectors of the economy or in the remote parts of the country. They are also more open to exploitative working conditions and resort to crime when unemployed. They live in horrible housing conditions and are a source of highly contagious diseases. As far as concerned, estimates of irregular migrant workers varied from as low as one million to as high as two million in the mid-1990s, depending on whether it is official or unofficial. The high incidence of irregular migration has been curbed to some extent through a combination of measures that include tough immigration and labour laws that penalize migrants as well as those hiring, harbouring or trafficking in irregular migrants, strict border and internal controls, regularization and amnesty programmes and bilateral engagement with host countries. Apprehended irregular migrants are either prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment or placed in detention centres before being deported. The Malaysian government faces enormous problems in repatriating irregular migrants due to legal barriers and lack of administrative resources. In overall, the goal of this project paper is to investigate the push and pull factors that have given a deep impact on labour exploitation, as in the case of Malaysia and Indonesia labour movement. Thus, Wallersteins concept of World System Theory will be used as a theoretical framework in this project. Significantly, Wallersteins concept did explain the exploitation of core on periphery, but this project paper tend to add his concept by emphasizing that in current context, labour exploitation did occur among the peripheries/ semi peripheries especially in the case between Malaysia and Indonesia. This paper also will briefly explain the level of exploitation among migrant labour in various sectors in Malaysia. PROBLEM STATEMENT This paper is mainly written to explain the relevance of Wallersteins concept of labour exploitation in current context. Thus, this paper illustrates the current situation of migrant labour in contemporary world system where they are being the subject of exploitation.Basically, in current situation, a large number of migrant laboursare going through a stage of exploitation. For instance, we can look at what is going on in Florida, where thousands of migrant farmworkers are being abused and can be regarded as modern slavery. Meanwhile, if we look at Dubai now, thousands of migrant construction workers mainly from South Asia are being exploited. More precisely, this paper mainly focuses on the level of exploitation among the Indonesia migrant labour in Malaysia in a variety of sectors especially plantation, construction, and the domestics. Beside, this paper will add to Wallersteins concept by stressing that labour exploitation did occur among the peripheries/ semi peripheries mainly b ecause of the uneven development between them. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions ask as follows: Does International Law discriminate against international mobility of migrant labour? Is Indonesian migrant labour being the subject of exploitation in Malaysia, and if it is true, in what sense are they being exploited? What is the push and pull factors shaping Indonesian migrant labour exploitation in Malaysia? What are the remedies taken or proposed? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of this study is as below: To analyse the wallersteins theory of labour exploitation in the current context. To determine whether Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia being exploited or not. To analyse the push and pull factors that persuade Indonesian migrant labour seeking job in Malaysia. To suggest solutions and options to overcome the labour exploitation in Malaysia. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This paper will precisely illustrate the difficulties that are being faced by the migrant labour according to the World System theory and specifically on the Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia. Thus, the problem of what faced by the immigrant labour is not of a small scale, but are in a big and complex proportion. they all are facing a large problem that we should consider. The migrant labour are largely been exploited in many ways by capitalists. Therefore, this paper is trying to look into this matter more sharply and take into consideration on the exploitation among Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia that shaped by the push and the pull factors causing the uneven development between the semi periphery that is Malaysia and the periphery that is Indonesia. So, this project paper tends to deepen the World System theory by putting a point that there is an uneven development going on between Malaysia and Indonesia that really shape the exploitation among the migrant labour from I ndonesia. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The world can be perceived as a core and periphery dichotomy where core countries are characterized by high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a merging of trade flows. The core has a level of dominance over the periphery which is reflected to flow of migrant labour to other countries. In a simple way, it is obvious that international relations are shaped by global inequality that is under the sphere of world system theory, core-periphery, and dependency theory. In specify, this paper will touch on the capitalist exploitation on migrant labour especially on the matter of Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia. This paper also will touch on the different level of capitalist dependency between Indonesia and Malaysia that caused the dependency between the semi-periphery and periphery country that contribute to the flow of Indonesian migrant labour to Malaysia and how are being exploited mainly because of the uneven development and capitalist system. LITERATURE REWIEW There are few writers that have significantly pointed out their views on migrant labour on being a subject of exploitation in the current context. In Marxian political economy, exploitation refers to class exploitation, meaning to say the producer exploit the proletariat with low wages well below the actual amount of work done. The proletarian is forced to sell his or her labour power cheaping in order to survive. While the capitalist exploits the work performed by the proletarian by accumulating the surplus value of their labour. Therefore, the capitalist makes a living out of owning of the means of production and generating a big profit, which is really the product of the labour, the actual producers. Refer to the www.answers.com) Sarah H. Paoletti. (2009), have pointed out that migrant labour can be found labouring in all industries and all socioeconomic levels across the world. But it is migrant workers both with lawful status and without-who are engaged in low wage employment defined in the international dialogue by 3 Ds dirty, dangerous, and degrading. The writer has critically stated that there is a vast amount of exploitation among the migrant labour which are specifically from low skilled or unskilled jobs. In addition, the writer has taken the human rights perspectives. In other perspective, Bach. R. L.,and Schraml. L.A. (1982), have stressed that the push and the pull factors are in a matter of fact shaping the labour exploitation. In this case, it is true that immigration results from push and pulls factors. It is tend to be said that the pushers can be famine, hurricanes, civil war, lack of jobs and drought meanwhile the pullers may be social stability, economic strength or real job possibilities.In this case, Bach and Schramltend to say that the migrations among people especially labour are being subjected by the push and the pull factors. Generally these scholars tend to agree that labour exploitation really takes place because of the push and pull factors.Meanwhile, Castles and Kosack (1973) advocate a Marxist interpretation of race relations, which arise essentially from the way in which the richer European nations have dominated and exploited poorer nations. It is useful to capitalism to have a reserve army of labour. Furthermore, migration favours the host country. The migrants are young, strong and healthy and have had their upbringing at the expense of their parent country. Thus, the host country has not had to pay for this. They regard migration as a form of development aid for the migration countries that acquires labour with little cost. Besides, Claudia von Werlhof (2007), a well-known Professor of Women ´s Studies at the Institute for Political Science, Department of Political Science and Sociology, University of Innsbruck, have put into consideration the woman question was addressed as a part of the wider social and ecological context. Generally, she intent was to explain how these phenomena could exist in the midst of alleged peace and democracy, which is a capitalist regime of wage labour, and allegedly ever increasing standards of living within industrialized nations what passes for western civilization. However, a look beyond the confines of the so-called First World expanded the question further on how was it possible that, despite its incorporation underprogress and development, the so-called Third World remained characterized by underdevelopment and a lack of skilled labour. Borjas (1999) has introduced the notion of a global migration market, where individuals nationally calculate the relative benefits of staying put as opposed to moving to one or another foreign destination. People migrate to places where the expected net returns over a given time period are greatest. But in this matter of fact, immigrant labour that goes to other countries have going through exploitation mainly because of the capitalist that conquer the labour. It is true that dependency have cost a lot of implication to the immigrant labour because the unbalanced and different level of dependency among core and periphery have definitely cause a nation state to send their labour to another countries. Borjasalso describes a more modern version and extension of the economic equilibrium approach to migration. He also shows that the self-selection of migrants on the basic of the unobserved abilities depends entirely on the extent of income inequality in the host and the source country. Us ually international migration is rarely a free movement of people across borders, but usually strongly influenced by various physical and non-physical barriers. A prominent scholar Samir Amin(1990) observed that workers at the periphery are been super-exploited because the differential of wages and incomes from non-wage labour in general is much higher than the differential of productivities and in which productivity increases that take place in developed nations are passed on to their workers in the form of higher wages and income, while most or all of the productivity increases that take place in developing nations are reflected in lower prices. In another perspective, B.N. Ghosh (2007), expressed that exploitation contributes to the generation of inequalities, and inequalities in many cases are responsible for exploitation. Ghoshs view is sufficiently been revealed from the view of Mahatma Gandhi and he also strongly believed that capitalist development accentuates inequalities that lastly created the exploitation among people especially the labours. According to Ghosh from the political economy perspective, exploitation implies taking ad vantage of some people or situation to serve selfish interests without corresponding compensation to the exploited party. Thus, in this matter, his view is really on the point that the capitalist really exploited the labours especially on what is going through by Indonesian immigrant labour in Malaysia that is being exploited by the capitalist and because of the uneven development. It is interesting to read the article of Thomas P. Rohlen (2002), on Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation States: Open Economics, Urban Dynamics, and Government in East Asia, have sufficiently explained that global capitalism in the new world system is shaping the urban agenda that he had mainly focused in East Asia countries such as Taipei, Japan, and Korea. In this article also, Thomas had explained that how a city which unable or unwilling to comply with the expectations and the standards of international capitalism are precisely look to be in a state of disadvantage. Its seems that capitalism in the world system did significantly became a force to give instruction to other states and this could bring about the stage of exploitation mai

The Return of Martin Guerre

The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the book â€Å"The Return of Martin Guerre† by Natalie Zamon Davis. Specifically, it will discuss the life of the peasant during the Middle Ages. This book is a fascinating account of a true case that happened during the 16th century in France. The book is also an excellent example of how the peasants lived in the Middle Ages, from what they ate, to how they traveled and what their family lives were like. This book shows that life in the Middle Ages was difficult and demanding, but it seems a little bit peaceful and serene, too. The main occupations were farming and raising sheep or goats, and there were tradesman in the villages who worked for a living, such as a shoemaker, a blacksmith, and such. Martin Guerre and his family were tile makers, but they also farmed and raised sheep to become relatively prosperous in their small village (Davis 14). The peasants were uneducated, (the Guerre's town did not even have a schoolmaster), and most could not read, and could only write a small amount (Davis 15). They also married their children off very young, and often made matches for them. Martin Guerre married when he was only fourteen, and his wife was even younger (Davis 16). Life revolved around the village, the church, and the family, and it was a very busy but seemingly contented lifestyle. Their main concerns were the family and simple survival. Everything they did was to feed and clothe the family, from raising grains and grapes to raising sheep so they could spin the wool into cloth and clothe the family members. When they became more successful, it was to make money and rise up in stature in the village community, but peasants who did not have trades worked the land for their own survival. They were also extremely close-knit families, often living nearby each other, so family was important for them, as well. They worked together as a family, and widows lived with one of the grown sons, creating an extended family unit. Family relationships were important in this society, and they were the source of land and dowries for the children, which were very important at the time. In the Basque country, families often lived together, as the author notes, â€Å"When a household is set up with two generations of married folk, it is not the Basque combination of the old heir and the young heir, but a widowed parent, usually the mother, with one of her married children† (Davis 11). Even when Martin's uncle married, he moved nearby to another house, and lived close to his relatives. Martin returned with his bride to his father's house after they married, and lived with his family under one roof (Davis 18). Since their main concern was survival and perpetuation of the family, this indicates how important family life was to the peasants. Women had a lesser position than men did in the society. Davis writes, â€Å"At the parish mass, she would have to get used to the fact that her women did not push ahead of the men to make their offerings, did not go about the church to collect for the vestry, and din not serve as sacristans† (Davis 15). Women were also blamed for a man's impotence, as Davis notes. She writes, â€Å"In the sixteenth century, it was usually blamed on the power of a woman outside the marriage† (Davis 21). The fact that Martin abandoned his wife and newborn son after eight years of marriage shows what low status women had in society. She had no recourse, she lived in a foreign household, and she could not even remarry. Girls were not educated; instead, they learned â€Å"women's work† like spinning and cooking, and they were always at the mercy of their husbands. Davis writes, â€Å"First a world where organizational structure and public identity were associated exclusively with males† (Davis 29). The women worked in the fields, helped raise the livestock, served as midwives, cooked and baked. They were essential to everyday life in the peasant world, but they held no rights or privileges. The only women that really rose up in society were the widows, who could earn the respect of others and wield â€Å"informal power† (Davis 31). Armand Du Tilh was able to get away with his deception for several reasons. First, he resembled Guerre enough that people mistook him for the missing man (Davis 39). Next, he learned all he could about the missing man so that he could fool Martin's family into believing he was actually Guerre. Davis writes, â€Å"He informed himself as cunningly as he could about Martin Guerre, his situation, his family, and the things he used to say and do† (Davis 39). He also grew a beard to hide any differences in his face, and took great pains to learn the villagers' names and how he interacted with them when he had lived in the village before. In short, he learned every detail about Martin Guerre's life, and convinced people he was Martin because of all the details he seemed to â€Å"recall† about his prior life. Davis believes that he was accepted because people wanted him to come back for all those years, and that he came â€Å"announced† as Martin Guerre, and so people wanted to believe it was true (Davis 43). Most of all, Bertrande's acceptance of the new Martin helped soothe the minds of others. It is easy to see why Bertrande would accept the imposter. Davis writes, â€Å"What Bertrande had with the new Martin was her dream come true, a man she could live in peace and friendship (to cite sixteenth-century values) and in passion† (Davis 44). They also seemed to have become very attached to each other in their new life together. In conclusion, this book is a fascinating story of deception and betrayal, but it is a fascinating glimpse into the everyday life of the sixteenth-century peasant, as well. The book shows how families lived, survived, and even thrived, how women were treated in society, how important the Church was to so many aspects of life, and how difficult life was for many peasants. It is a good book to read to learn the more intimate details of life in the Middle Ages. The Return of Martin Guerre The film The Return of Martin Guerre is based on a true story about a young man, Martin Guerre, during the mid-16th century. It takes place in a small peasant town, Artigat, located in southwestern France. Martin is married off at a young age but is unhappy with his life. He decides to abandon his family and join the army. After several years gone, he finally returns to the village. The village is ecstatic of his return, especially his wife Bertrande. However after a disagreement with his uncle over land, the village begins to question whether his is truly Martin Guerre. Their skepticism proves to be accurate when finally the real Martin Guerre returns. The fake Martin, known as â€Å"Pansette† is then executed for his crime. This film illustrates the concerns and lives of the people in 16th century France, through the interplay of social, religious and political institutions. In the film, we see marriage being treated as a social matter, rather than a religious matter. During the 16th century, marriage began to be treated as secular, instead of a sacrament. Because of this parents’ control over whom their children married began to increase (Western Civilizations, 357). At a young age, Martin’s family married him off to Bertrande de Rols. Bertrande belonged to a well-off peasant family. Bertrande was chosen by Martin’s family based on what her family could offer to Martin. Her dowry included a bed, linen sheets, wool and a vineyard, among other items of value. Because marriage involved the inheritance of property, most believed it was too important of a matter to be left in the hands of the children (357). Once Martin’s father passed, Martin would inherit his family’s land. During the 16th century was the father’s role to instruct and discipline his household, while the woman was to tend to and show obedience to her husband, and also to bear children (Western Civilizations, 357). After the marriage, Bertrande moved in with Martin and his family. Martin worked underneath his father and learned from him. However soon into the marriage, it was discovered that Martin could not consummate his marriage and therefore the family did not have children. In the film, we see how infertility was dealt with socially and religiously during this time. The village poked fun at Martin’s infertility during a festival. During the 16th century, festivals served a social function. Usually they were used for celebration and demonstration of solidarity. However, like in this case, festivals were used as competition between classes and were incredibly violent (Wahl, â€Å"Festivals† notes). During a Candlemas festival, a â€Å"symbolic castration† took place. Martin was dressed up as a bear. The villagers pretended to hunt him and cut off what symbolized his genitals. Bertrande claimed that he had been put under a spell and a Catholic exorcism is performed. Both Martin and Bertrande are tied to a post naked, while the Priest performs rituals. After this, Bertrande becomes pregnant with their son, Sanxi. Though his infertility was reversed and his son was born, Martin was unhappy with his life. He did not like farming and kept to himself. After an argument with his father over stolen grain, Martin leaves during the night and does not return for several years. During this time, Martin’s father passes. In the 16th century, when a father dies the estate is given to the eldest son. In this case, it was Martin. However, because Martin is not around, Martin’s uncle takes control of the Guerre’s estate. In order to keep the estate within both families, Bertrande’s mother marries Martin’s uncle. Throughout Martin’s absence, Bertrande remains married to him. Because there was no proof that Martin was dead, Bertrande was not considered a widow and therefore could not remarry. It was also not common for the Catholic Church to annul a marriage, unless it could be proven that either party had not freely consented to the marriage (Western Civilizations, 357). During the 16th century, a person’s identity was based on his or her actions rather than appearance. For this reason, the fake Martin Guerre, Pansette, was able to convince the village that he was the real Martin. No formal records or pictures were kept of people at this time. The people of the village relied on the memory of Martin. With Pansette’s slight resemblance to Martin and his vast knowledge of Martin’s life, he was able to fool everyone. Pansette tells stories of the places he visited. Specifically he spoke of the men he saw from Brazil. He describes the men as naked and in chains with feathers on their heads. Pansette tells them that they eat their prisoners’ hearts, and share their land and women. He also told them that women make the decisions and go to war for the men. Bertrande seems shocked by this and asks if they are human or if they have souls. This is significant because it demonstrates the power of men at this time. In the 16th century, men made the decisions, while woman were expected to obey their husbands. Therefore it was strange for them to hear of woman having power over the men. After a dispute over the land between the fake Martin and his uncle, his uncle begins to question whether he is the real Martin. Rumors go around about this and the village is split on this issue. With this issue, we see how it is dealt with through religion and politics. The Toulouse Parliament of France is put in charge of this matter and questions Bertrande. She stands by Pansette, claiming he is the true Martin Guerre, although she knows that he is not. From a religious point of view, by doing this she is living in mortal sin and damning her soul and politically, she can be hanged for this crime. This case is brought before a court. Those who testified claimed that Pansette was not an imposter, until a man walks in claiming to be the real Martin Guerre. Martin’s family, including Bertrande, admits that this man is, in fact, the real Martin. Pansette finally confesses that he is not Martin and learned everything he knew about him through Martin himself. Although Pansette is found guilty, the court frees Bertrande from prosecution as a collaborator. This is because the court holds the real Martin Guerre to be partially responsible for not acting as a true husband. This issue is considered so serious because it is an issue of property. By pretending to be another man, Pansette is taking another man’s wife and stealing his wealth. During the 16th century, crimes against property, such as theft and arson, were punishable by execution (Wahl, â€Å"Counter Reformation† Lecture). The story of Martin Guerre and his return demonstrate the concerns and lives of people in 16th century France, through social, religious and political institutions. Socially, we see the act of marriage as a secular matter, ather than a religious one, where wht dowry a woman can offer determines if she is fit to be a wife. Also, we see the issue of identity and individuality based upon knowledge and actions, rather than appearance. It can be argued that during this time people know each other better than today. To decide if Pansette was the real Martin, they based their decision around how he acted and what he remembered about life before he left (although Mart in’s family was fooled by the fake Martin), while today identity is based a lot more on just appearance. We see how religion plays a role in their actions. They believed to fix Martin’s problem of infertility, they must perform an exorcism to get the demon out of him. Also, we see how by believing the fake Martin, Bertrande is living in sin under God. Finally, politically we see just how serious Pansette’s crime was. By interfering with the real Martin’s property (his family and land), he is committing the ultimate crime and is executed for this.